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| Level | Method | Kills | |-------|--------|-------| | Sterilization | Autoclave (121°C, 15 psi), Ethylene oxide | All microbes + spores | | High-level disinfection | Glutaraldehyde, H₂O₂ | Vegetative bacteria, viruses, fungi (not all spores) | | Low-level disinfection | Alcohol, bleach | Some bacteria, enveloped viruses |
| Factor | Function | Example | |--------|----------|---------| | Adhesins | Attach to host cells | Pili in E. coli | | Toxins | Damage host | Exotoxins (tetanus), Endotoxin (LPS) | | Enzymes | Spread infection | Hyaluronidase, coagulase | | Immune evasion | Avoid killing | Capsule, antigenic variation |
| Target | Drug Class | Example | |--------|------------|---------| | Cell wall synthesis | Beta-lactams | Penicillin, cephalosporins | | Protein synthesis (50S ribosome) | Macrolides | Azithromycin | | Protein synthesis (30S ribosome) | Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines | Gentamicin | | DNA replication | Fluoroquinolones | Ciprofloxacin | | Folic acid synthesis | Sulfonamides | Trimethoprim-sulfa |
Resistance mechanisms: Beta-lactamases, efflux pumps, target modification (e.g., MRSA).