Kothari distinguished between:
He argued that modern politics breaks the vertical bonds and strengthens the horizontal ones. A Chamar (Dalit) in village A has more political common cause with a Chamar in village B than with his own upper-caste landlord. By Page 15, Kothari is already dismantling the myth of the self-sufficient village community. Rajni Kothari Caste In Indian Politics 15.pdf
Since I cannot directly access or open your specific PDF file, I will generate a useful, original summary of the core arguments Rajni Kothari made about caste in Indian politics, which you can use for study, reference, or annotation alongside your document. Kothari distinguished between:
Kothari noted the rise of caste associations (e.g., Kshatriya Mahasabha, Nadar Mahajana Sangam) that functioned like interest groups—lobbying for reservations, educational institutions, and political representation. He called these “caste unions” or “caste federations.” Page 15 often includes the observation that these associations adopt modern methods: pamphlets, conferences, electoral pacts, and even candidate selection. He argued that modern politics breaks the vertical