Ende’s system is based on:
The tables are typically expressed in centiminutes (1/100 minute) or TMU (Time Measurement Units, where 1 TMU = 0.0006 min = 0.036 sec).
A Gustav Ende-style table is organized by:
| Operation | Tool | Size (mm/thread) | Motions | Time (TMU or min) | |-----------|------|----------------|---------|-------------------| | Screw in bolt | Hand | M6 | Pick up, position, turn 3x | 0.5 min | | Screw in bolt | Wrench | M10 | Pick up wrench, position, turn 6x | 1.2 min | | Nut + washer | Hand | M8 | Pick up both, assemble, start thread | 0.8 min |
Note: Original tables often use TMU (Time Measurement Units: 1 TMU = 0.0006 min = 0.036 sec).
| Schroef diameter | Aantal slagen | Tijd per schroef (centimin) | |------------------|---------------|-----------------------------| | M3 | 3 volledige omw | 8.5 | | M4 | 4 volledige omw | 11.0 | | M5 | 5 volledige omw | 14.0 |
Opmerking: Tijden exclusief het pakken van schroevendraaier en schroef.
Task: Screw an M8 hex bolt with washer into a tapped hole, using a combination wrench.
| Element | Table time | |---------|-------------| | Pick up bolt | 0.25 min | | Pick up washer | 0.20 min | | Place washer on bolt | 0.15 min | | Position bolt in hole | 0.30 min | | Screw in 4 turns by hand | 0.40 min | | Pick up wrench | 0.25 min | | Tighten 2 turns with wrench | 0.50 min | | Lay down wrench | 0.15 min |
Basic time sum = 2.20 min
Add 15% allowance (fatigue + personal) = 2.53 min standard time
If you are referring to a specific company (like Gustav Group) or a specific software plugin, the review stands that the table is likely a functional asset for calculating rates. If "Gustav Ende" is a typo for Gustav Mahler (classical composer often used for tempo) or a misspelling of "Gustav En" (a less common reference), please verify the source name. If this is a typo for "Gustav Jensen" or another known industry figure, the table's utility remains high provided the source data is correct.
Recommendation: Adopt the table into your standard workflow, but annotate it for new users.
Gustav Ende Table of Installation Times (Tabel Montagetijden conform Gustav Ende) is a foundational standard in mechanical and electrical engineering, primarily used in the Netherlands and Sweden for calculating labor hours and project costs. Developed in the 1970s by Swedish engineer Gustaf Ende, this methodology provides standardized "norm times" (normtijden) for thousands of specific installation tasks. Core Principles of the Gustav Ende Norms
The Gustav Ende (GE) method is designed to provide a highly accurate, granular view of the time required for technical installations. Unlike simpler estimation methods, the GE norms are often composite: Unit-Based Timing
: Installation times are typically expressed in minutes per unit (e.g., per piece of equipment) or minutes per meter (e.g., for piping or cabling). Detail and Accuracy
: It breaks down assembly into specific components, such as steel pipes with insulation or air heaters of specific weights and mounting heights. Net vs. Gross Time
: While the table provides the "net" time for a task, professional estimators apply "reduction factors" or "multipliers" to account for specific site conditions, travel time, and administrative overhead. Applications in the Industry Pre-Calculation (Estimating)
: Contractors use the table during the bidding process to determine exactly how many man-hours a project will require, which is critical for competitive yet profitable pricing. Capacity Planning
: Project managers use the GE norms to schedule labor across a construction timeline, ensuring they have the right number of technicians on-site at each phase. Performance Auditing
: By comparing actual installation times against the Gustav Ende standard, companies can measure the efficiency of their workforce. Comparison with Other Standards
In the Dutch installation sector, the Gustav Ende norms are frequently compared to the
(now Techniek Nederland) norms. A key difference noted by industry experts is that GE norms are often perceived as more rigorous or "tighter," leading many firms to apply reduction factors to make them realistic for modern workflows.
For further detailed calculations, professional tools like the Technisch Adviesburo Betuwe spreadsheet
provide specific examples of these time norms across various weight and height categories. Technisch Adviesburo Betuwe If you'd like to dive deeper, I can: specific time values for common components like piping or electrical panels. Explain how to calculate reduction factors for difficult site conditions. Compare the GE method against the Techniek Nederland Let me know how you would like to narrow down this essay. Normering van arbeid in de installatiebranche | TVVL
Tabel Montage Tijden conform Gustav Ende is a long-standing standard used in the mechanical and electrical engineering industries to estimate the time and cost required for installing various technical components. Developed by Swedish engineer Gustaf Ende in the 1970s, it provides "norm times" (expressed in minutes per unit or per meter) for tasks like installing piping, sanitary fixtures, and climate systems.
While it was the primary benchmark for decades, it is now considered legacy data. Since September 2007 , the industry has largely shifted toward the newer handbook 'Calculatie voor klimaat en sanitair' Techniek Nederland
(formerly Uneto-VNI), which is better adapted to modern materials and labor methods. Sample Installation Times (Gustav Ende Norm)
These times represent the "gross time" (bruto tijd), which includes the labor of all direct and indirect personnel on-site. Component / System Norm Time (min/m or unit) DN-50 Steel Pipe (with insulation) DN-100 Steel Pipe (with insulation) DN-150 Steel Pipe (with insulation) (Ø 50 mm) Standard Toilet (WC) 180 min/unit Built-in Toilet (WC inb.) 240 min/unit 120 min/unit Important Application Factors Total Calculation:
To find the total project time, you multiply the norm time by the total quantity of components. Surcharges (Toeslagen): Standard calculations often include a 30% surcharge for mounting fittings, brackets, and fastening materials. Modern Alternatives: For current projects, professional estimators often use the Calculatietijdnormen (CTN) provided by Techniek Nederland Are you using this for a new estimation or are you reviewing a historical project that used these specific 1970s norms? Normering van arbeid in de installatiebranche | TVVL
De Gustav Ende-tabel is een klassieke normeringslijst die in de installatietechniek wordt gebruikt voor het calculeren van montagetijden in ploegminuten. Hoewel de methode nog steeds wordt geraadpleegd voor gespecialiseerde installaties, heeft de moderne Techniek Nederland-methode tegenwoordig vaak de voorkeur vanwege de hogere mate van actualiteit. Kenmerken van de Gustav Ende Norm
Ploegminuten: De tijden zijn gebaseerd op de inzet van een standaard ploeg (vaak twee personen), niet per individueel arbeidsuur.
Ervaringscijfers: De normen zijn historisch gegroeid op basis van praktijkervaring in de jaren '70, maar missen een moderne arbeidskundige onderbouwing.
Correctiefactoren: In projecten worden vaak toeslagen toegepast voor factoren zoals montagehoogte, bouwplaatsomstandigheden en logistiek. Voorbeeld Montage-uren (Indicatief)
Onderstaande waarden zijn afgeleid uit gangbare publicaties van de Gustav Ende tabel voor werktuigkundige componenten: Specificatie Normtijd (Ploegminuten) Luchtverhitter Gewicht tot 100 kg (hoogte 3m) Luchtverhitter Gewicht tot 200 kg (hoogte 3m) Luchtverhitter Gewicht tot 100 kg (hoogte 7m) Radiator Standaard paneelradiator ~40-60 min (afhankelijk van type) Leidingwerk Per meter (materiaalafhankelijk) Varieert per diameter Beschikbare Bronnen
U kunt digitale versies van deze tabellen vaak vinden via gespecialiseerde bureaus:
Technisch Adviesburo Betuwe biedt een directe download van een Excel-bestand met honderden normen.
Vergelijkende studies over de nauwkeurigheid van deze normen ten opzichte van Uneto-VNI zijn te vinden in de kennisbank van TVVL.
Wilt u de specifieke normtijd weten voor een bepaald type leiding of apparaat?
It seems you are referring to "Tabel Montagetijden conform Gustav Ende" — a topic likely related to standard assembly or installation times in mechanical engineering, production, or maintenance planning, based on the work of Gustav Ende.
Gustav Ende was a German engineer and time study pioneer who developed reference tables for assembly times (Montagezeiten) for standard machine elements (screws, nuts, washers, pins, etc.). His work is often used in MTM (Methods-Time Measurement) or similar predetermined motion time systems, particularly in German industrial engineering (REFA).
Below is a guide to understanding and using such a table.
The first thing one notices about the Ende tables is the sheer, brutalist efficiency of the layout. There is no fluff. No motivational introductions. It is a direct confrontation with the numbers. The categorization is logical, moving from simple fastening methods to complex multi-bolt assemblies and torque specifications.
However, the visual density can be intimidating. The font is strictly utilitarian, and the grid lines are tight. It feels like reading a telephone directory from the 1970s. While this ensures a high data-to-ink ratio, a modern UI designer would have a field day with the user experience. Yet, there is a charm to this no-nonsense approach—it tells you that time is money, and Ende intends for you to save both.
When digital MTM software (TiCon, Laubrass) appeared, updating and recalculating table-based times became tedious.
If a motion took too long according to the table, the engineer would redesign the product (e.g., add chamfers, reduce insertion force, combine parts) – a direct precursor to Design for Assembly (DFA).