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The tension between welfare and rights is not new. It mirrors the history of human social justice movements.

In the 19th century, the abolitionist movement argued that humans cannot own other humans. In the 20th century, the animal rights movement argued that sentient beings cannot be property. Similarly, labor reforms (child labor laws, 40-hour work weeks) were "welfare" approaches to capitalism—they didn't abolish work, but made it less brutal. Animal welfare does the same for animal agriculture. Zooskool - Inke - Bestiality - Www.sickporn.in -.avi

The first major animal protection law was Martin's Act in 1822 in the UK, which prohibited "cruel and improper treatment of cattle." This was welfare. It did not free the cattle; it simply said you couldn't beat them mercilessly. The tension between welfare and rights is not new

The shift toward rights began in the 1970s with the publication of Singer's Animal Liberation (1975). For the first time, a mainstream philosopher argued that speciesism (discrimination based on species) is as irrational as racism or sexism. In the 20th century, the animal rights movement

Where do these philosophies clash? Everywhere. Here are the three major battlegrounds of animal welfare and rights.

A growing frontier in "Animal Rights" is seeking legal personhood for non-human animals (e.g., the Nonhuman Rights Project arguing for the "bodily liberty" of captive chimpanzees and elephants).